Plasma | Physics, State of Matter, & Facts | Britannica
2024年10月30日 · Plasma, in physics, an electrically conducting medium in which there are roughly equal numbers of positively and negatively charged particles, produced when the atoms in a gas become ionized. It is sometimes referred to as the fourth state of matter, distinct from the solid, liquid, and gaseous states.
Plasma - Oscillations, Parameters, Interactions | Britannica
2024年10月30日 · Analogously, just as buoyancy effects guide water waves, plasma oscillations are related to waves in the electron component of the plasma called Langmuir waves. Wavelike phenomena play a critical role in the behaviour of plasmas.
Sir William Crookes | Physicist, Spectroscopy, Radiometer | Britannica
Sir William Crookes (born June 17, 1832, London, Eng.—died April 4, 1919, London) was a British chemist and physicist noted for his discovery of the element thallium and for his cathode-ray studies, fundamental in the development of atomic physics.. After studying at the Royal College of Chemistry, London, Crookes became superintendent of …
Atomic model | Definition, History, Development, Examples,
Atomic model, in physics, a model used to describe the structure and makeup of an atom. Atomic models have gone through many changes over time, evolving as necessary to fit experimental data. For a more in-depth discussion of the history of …
Thomson atomic model | Description, Plum Pudding, & Image
Thomson atomic model, earliest theoretical description of the inner structure of atoms, proposed about 1900 by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) and strongly supported by Sir Joseph John Thomson, who had discovered (1897) the electron, a negatively charged part of every atom.
Fusion reactor | Description, History, Uses, & Facts | Britannica
2024年11月4日 · The result is an ionized gas consisting of free negative electrons and positive nuclei. This ionized gas is in a plasma state, the fourth state of matter. Most of the matter in the universe is in the plasma state. At the core of experimental fusion reactors is a …
Atom - Kinetic Theory, Gases, Particles | Britannica
2024年10月8日 · Atom - Kinetic Theory, Gases, Particles: Whereas Avogadro’s theory of diatomic molecules was ignored for 50 years, the kinetic theory of gases was rejected for more than a century. The kinetic theory relates the independent motion of molecules to the mechanical and thermal properties of gases—namely, their pressure, volume, temperature ...
Plasma - Ionosphere, Upper Atmosphere, Electrons | Britannica
2024年10月30日 · The free electrons responsible for electrical conduction in a metal constitute a plasma. Ions are fixed in position at lattice points, and so plasma behaviour in metals is limited to such phenomena as plasma oscillations and electron cyclotron waves (called
Blood - Plasma, Components, Functions | Britannica
6 天之前 · Blood - Plasma, Components, Functions: The liquid portion of the blood, the plasma, is a complex solution containing more than 90 percent water. The water of the plasma is freely exchangeable with that of body cells and other extracellular fluids and is available to maintain the normal state of hydration of all tissues.
Rutherford model | Definition, Description, Image, & Facts
2024年10月23日 · The Rutherford atomic model was correct in that the atom is mostly empty space. Most of the mass is in the nucleus, and the nucleus is positively charged. Far from the nucleus are the negatively charged electrons. But the Rutherford atomic model used classical physics and not quantum mechanics.