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  1. Copilot Answer
    Parameters

    The parameters in the above equation are:
    • controls the amount of damping,
    • controls the linear stiffness,
    • controls the amount of non-linearity in the restoring force; if the Duffing equation describes a damped and driven simple … See more

    Methods of solution

    In general, the Duffing equation does not admit an exact symbolic solution. However, many approximate methods work well:
    • Expansion in a Fourier series may provide an equation of motion to arbitrary precision.
    • … See more

    Boundedness of the solution for the unforced oscillator

    Multiplication of the undamped and unforced Duffing equation, with gives: with H a constant. The value of H is determined by the initial conditions and
    The substitution in H shows that the system is … See more

    Frequency response

    The forced Duffing oscillator with cubic nonlinearity is described by the following ordinary differential equation:
    The frequency response of this oscillator describes the amplitude of steady state response o… See more

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