Ras, in turn, initiates a phosphorylation cascade consisting of a MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK) (Raf), a MAPK kinase (MAPKK) (MEK) and a MAPK (ERK) (Figure 1). While the steps downstream of RTK ...

One target for such inhibition, the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade, has a role in inflammation by mediating the cellular response to stress, pathogens, and cytokines.

Aberrant activation of the Ras/Raf/MAPK/ERK kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascade and the VEGF pathway are commonly observed in breast cancer cells leading to malignant cell ...