is that the preserved text shows traces of at least one earlier manuscript from the period just before or after ad 700 (Neidorf 2014a). Linguistic Dating Given the premise that Beowulf was written by ...

RESEARCH INTO OTHER early European epic poetry, such as the Iliad, the Odyssey and the Nibelungenlied, was long marked by a controversy between “Unitarians,” who primarily regarded these works as ...

Beowulf tracks her to her underwater cave and fights her. In the original poem Beowulf returns to Geatland and, fifty years later as king, must fight a dragon. The dragon is killed but Beowulf has ...

You've heard of the beloved "’Twas the Night Before Christmas" poem—maybe some reinterpretations ... Nicholas” with the following text. When out on the lawn there arose such a clatter ...

Shara McCallum is the author of six books, most recently No Ruined Stone, winner of the 2022 Hurston/Wright Legacy Award for Poetry.

each taking one of her songs and alchemizing it into an original poem. We’ve selected 13 of them here, at least one from every era. Can you spot the Easter eggs and figure out which song ...