If CLECs do not use wireless systems, they must either pay the existing phone company for access to the local loop (resale) or dig and install their own wire to the local customers. Many countries, ...

In telephone communications, a technology that increases the number of channels in the local loop by converting analog ... to ride over two twisted wire pairs. A carrier serving area (CSA) is ...

The solution which you can see in the video below the break will be familiar to teletype aficionados who have encountered current loops, in that it creates an analogue current loop. There is a ...