The upstream signaling pathways leading to activation of autophagy are not known and currently under investigation in our laboratory. Our recent study links autophagy to innate immunity toll-like ...

whereas TLR-induced IRF3 (TLR3 and TLR4) and IRF7 (TLR7–9) activation is initiated only from the endosome. Activation of TLR signaling by viral ligands establishes primarily antiviral responses.