Spasmodic dysphonia (SD) is a neurological disorder caused by dystonia (abnormal sustained muscle contraction) of the vocal cords, hence also referred to as “laryngeal dystonia”. Depending on the ...

There are three kinds of spasmodic dysphonia. Adductor spasmodic dysphonia is the most common type, which accounts for 80 percent of cases, including Kennedy’s, experts said. It causes sudden ...

OBJECTIVES: Two different surgical techniques for midline lateralization thyroplasty (type 2 thyroplasty) for adductor spasmodic dysphonia (SD) have been described, one using a composite graft and ...

Robert F. Kennedy Jr., recently chosen by Donald Trump as the country's health secretary, has been open about his experience ...

Kennedy has a rare disorder called spasmodic dysphonia — a spasm of the vocal muscles. Kennedy is one of an estimated 50,000 people in North America with spasmodic dysphonia, a neurological ...

Robert F. Kennedy Jr., president-elect Donald Trump’s choice to lead the Department of Health and Human Services, has said he has spasmodic dysphonia. It is a voice disorder characterized by ...

There are three kinds of spasmodic dysphonia. The most common type is adductor spasmodic dysphonia, in which the vocal cords tighten up, causing a person's voice to sound strained, according to ...

Robert F. Kennedy Jr., president-elect Donald Trump’s choice to lead the Department of Health and Human Services, has said he has spasmodic dysphonia. It is a voice disorder characterized by ...