Unlike erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), which boost wavelengths in the 1530-1610 nm range, a Raman amplifier can increase the signal strength of any wavelength by pumping at 13THz more than ...

Researchers created a special ultrathin sensor, spun from gold, that can be attached directly to the skin without irritation or discomfort. The sensor can measure different biomarkers or ...

The fiber is highly transparent at the erbium lasing wavelength of two to nine microns. When pumped by a laser diode, optical gain is created, and amplification occurs. Raman When light is transmitted ...

The output from the photodiode passes through a low-pass filter to suppress the strong laser pulsing signal, before sending it to a high-frequency RF lock-in amplifier (SR844, Stanford Research ...