A pond is a complex aquatic ecosystem with living and non-living components ... Temperature & oxygen Nutrients and plants The pond food web Predators & prey – they key to fish management For ...

This type of indirect interaction is called keystone predation. Another interesting study demonstrated indirect interactions among species in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems (Figure 4).

Elimination of top predators (e.g. wolves) from regions like the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem leads to changes in prey population density and behavior, as well as overall community structure. This ...

When ecosystems are green, predators are often holding grazers ... When and Where Do Community-Level Trophic Cascades Occur? In aquatic systems, control of plant community structure via trophic ...

Such connections can become amplified when parasites alter host behavior or morphology to increase predation risk on intermediate ... infections influence the way communities and ecosystems function ...