Examples of non-lethal predator effects are numerous ... Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 60, 47-61 (1982). Estes, J. A. & J. F. Palmisano. 1974. Sea otters, Their role in ...
In order to effectively avoid and respond to predation, animals must first identify the presence of a potential predator. The ability to recognize predator cues is essential for the initiation of ...
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