Cirrhosis, or liver scarring, can cause swelling in the ankles, legs and abdomen. Per the Mayo Clinic, cirrhosis slows blood flow and increases pressure in the portal vein within the liver.
Causes of portal hypertension can be prehepatic (such as portal vein thrombosis), hepatic (commonly liver cirrhosis and hepatic fibrosis) or posthepatic (such as hepatic vein obstruction).