In 2021, researchers from Toyota Central R&D Labs developed a large, cost-effective artificial photosynthesis system ... led to the ‘artificial leaf’, a one square centimetre electrode device ...

Without photosynthesis ... The cross-section of a leaf reveals its complex structure. The waxy cuticle surface on the outside protects the leaf and prevents excess water loss.

Photosynthesis turns sunlight ... The research team therefore turned over a new leaf, using cryo-electron microscopy to ...