The hypothalamus consists of several nuclei that integrate peripheral signals, such as adiposity and caloric intake, to regulate important pathways within the CNS controlling food intake.

These centers are located adjacent to the third ventricle in dorsomedial and reticular thalamic nuclei and in paraventricular, supraoptic and posterior hypothalamic nuclei. As SID is associated ...

and arcuate hypothalamic nuclei. 4,5 These ghrelin-containing neurons send efferent fibers to neurons that contain neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRP)—NPY/AgRP neurons—and ...

There are projections from the ARC to other hypothalamic nuclei, as well as the cerebral cortex and reward pathways. Multiple neuropeptides have been identified that appear to modulate pathways ...