肝肺综合征（hepatopulmonary syndrome,HPS）是一种肺内血管扩张导致动脉氧合功能障碍的临床综合征，临床表现为活动后呼吸困难和直立位呼吸困难。不同文献报道的HPS患病率并不一致，成人HPS患病率为4%～47%，儿童为3%～20% ...

Various therapies for hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) have been tested in ... is used to visualize intrapulmonary shunts—defined by the appearance of microbubbles in the left side of the heart ...

In practice, an intracardiac shunt cannot be definitively excluded in a small proportion of patients with positive studies, and this may require further cardiac investigations.

J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;28(2):213-219. An effective medical therapy for HPS has yet to be established. Oxygen is used for symptomatic relief in HPS and helps prevent hypoxic end-organ damage ...