This disorder is often treated surgically, but several minimally invasive techniques for percutaneous gonadal-vein embolization have been described. Transcatheter foam sclerotherapy (TCFS ...

the left adrenal vein, and left gonadal veins merge into the renal vein. On the right side, the right adrenal and right gonadal veins enter directly into the IVC without merging into the right ...