Vicariance is the emergence of geographic barriers to dispersal and gene flow, which spatially isolates populations and may lead to the formation of new species (i.e., allopatric speciation ...

and contend with potential geographic barriers. Passive dispersal involves both plants and animals that cannot themselves move but use dispersal units called disseminules to aid in reproduction or ...

Landier, Augustin, Vinay Nair, and Julie Wulf. "Trade-offs in Staying Close: Corporate Decision Making and Geographic Dispersion." Review of Financial Studies 22, no. 3 (March 2009): 1119–1148.

"Our results reveal how a key dispersal trait—bird wing shape ... "To date, most studies have focused on how geographic factors such as area and isolation influence island species-area ...