High-capacity optics are used to increase the amount of data that can be transmitted over optical fibres. These include ...

Most high-throughput data networks rely on optical transmission methods to transfer data, with two dominant modulation techniques: 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) and coherent modulation.

These bandpass modulation schemes are known by their acronyms ASK (amplitude shift keying), FSK (frequency shift keying), PSK (phase shift keying), and QAM (quaternary amplitude modulation), where ...

We recall that BPSK systems are binary coherent systems, which require an unambiguous carrier ... a technique known as offset-keyed or staggered quadriphase modulation (OKQPSK) is also in use. In QPSK ...