The infrastructure of 2G and 3G cellular networks are similar. They comprise an air interface between the user's mobile device and the base station and two core networks; one for circuit-switched ...

Those 2G networks from the 1990s and the 2000s-era 3G networks which supplanted them are now expensive to maintain, consuming energy and RF spectrum as they do, while generating precious little ...

Carriers across the world have pushed hard to phase out their legacy 2G and 3G mobile networks, with 3G retired earlier in most instances, as 2G still serves niche markets, including a range of IoT ...

2G networks were the first to offer data services and SMS text messaging, but their data transfer rates are lower than those of their successors. 3G networks succeed 2G ones, offering faster data ...